Blood Gas Measurement

The main gases found in blood are carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen (Bothara, 2007). The blood found in arteries is richer in oxygen and nitrogen while the one found in veins is richer in carbon dioxide. There are some arguments that blood gases exist freely while others view that such gases exist in a frail chemical combination.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Gas Measurement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, certain amount of carbonic acid that exists in chemical nature is found in bicarbonate of soda and the rest forms a base with phosphate. Blood gases refer to quantification of the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen available in blood (Toffalleti, 2001). In addition, it is used to quantify the level of blood acidity. Currently, there are various methods of measuring blood gases and each strategy has its perceived merits and demerits (Notes n.d.). ‘Mallinckrodt Sensor System’ emp loys a conservative â€Å"blood-gas technology† and it gives the results within ninety seconds. However, this method cannot allow a continuous blood assessment. Biomedical sensors use ocular quantification methodologies based on illumination from fibre optic bundle across a PH receptive dye. The light generated is returned to the apparatus through a different fibre optic bundle. Nevertheless, this method has a restricted accuracy and it takes more time to react. CDI 3M Healthcare utilizes dyes that incandesce at various intensities of carbon dioxide, oxygen and PH. It has been argued that this method is less accurate as it needs intervallic convection blood gases for verification (Ricco, 1997). Pulsed optical fluorescence is another method used in assessment of blood gases. An illumination of specific color intensity is passed through a fibre optic cable and then to a sensor that measures blood gases. In addition, calorimetric carbon dioxide detectors are used in blood gases test. There are those which depend on the acidity nature of carbonic acid and those which depend on ocular assessment techniques. Mass spectrometer techniques of blood gases can provide a progressive way of assessing oxygen tension (Ricco, 1997). These techniques recognize compounds according to their atomic mass. Another test used in blood gases is â€Å"transcutaneous oxygen measurement† which utilizes an electrode placed on the skin to assess oxygen tension in artery blood (Notes n.d.).Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, there are traditional ‘blood gas electrodes’ such â€Å"miniaturized polarographic electrode† (fig. 1) that can be used to assess blood gases. According to Notes (n.d.), this strategy uses a â€Å"platinum cathode and a silver/silver chloride anode immersed in an electrolyte solution of potassium chloride†. A current is t hen passed through the solution and an oxidation-reduction reaction occurs depending on the amount of oxygen present (Toffelli, 2001). This method has a limitation in that platinum cathode can cause protein coagulation if openly put in blood. The above illustrated methods have a problem of calibration, reaction duration and assessment of blood flow. As such, these techniques may be defective and misleading. Thus, â€Å"Bentley Gas-STAT† method (Optical fluorescence microsensing) (fig. 2) may be appropriate (Notes n.d.). The method has its own calibration machine for primary calibration and this makes it effective to operate. Furthermore, assessment values can be shown at normal blood temperature. The method also provides prompt, progressive and exact readings. In this technique, illumination of a specific color is passed through the fibre optic cable and then to the disposable sensors (Notes n.d.). These sensors assess blood gases via a membrane that allow passage of hydrogen ions and gases. Sensors contain substances that are receptive to varying levels of carbon dioxide, oxygen and pH. When illumination produced from the apparatus arrives at the fluorescent substances on the sensor, molecules get stimulated and produce illumination of varying colors (Hasan, 2008). The illumination is transmitted back to the apparatus via a different fibre cable. The variation in intensity of emitted and received illumination is transformed into arithmetical data (in mmHg for carbon dioxide and oxygen and pH values). This method is widely used in measurement of blood gases â€Å"in the extracorporeal circuit during bypass surgery† (Notes n.d.). This is attributed to the fact that its sensor is highly optimized and can provide a steady predictable illumination. Sensor optimization was achieved by the use of â€Å"Taguchi double-signal optimization technique† due to increased needs for optimization during operations (Taguchi, Chowdhury and Taguchi, 2000). I n this process, chemical variables were optimized since this technique is based on ‘chemical fluorescence principle’.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Gas Measurement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are various methods of assessing blood gases with each strategy having its merits and demerits. In line methods have disadvantages in calibration, reaction time and authenticity of their results. However, optical fluorescence microsensing provide a solution to this problem. List of References Bothara, K., 2008. Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Mumbai: Nirali Prakashan. Hasan, A., 2008. Handbook of Blood Gas/Acid-Base Interpretation. London: Springer-Verlag. Notes., n.d. Various current brands available and their theoretical advantages disadvantages. Web. Ricco, A., 1997. Chemical and biological sensors and analytical electrochemical methods. New Jersey: The Electrochemical Society, Inc. T offelli, J., 2001. Special topics in diagnostic testing: blood gases and electrolytes. United States of America: Library of Congress. Taguchi, G., Chowdhury, S., and Taguchi, S., 2000. Robust engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Diagrams Fig. 1: Miniaturized polarographic electrode Fig. 2: Optical fluorescence microsensing This essay on Blood Gas Measurement was written and submitted by user Desiree Herrera to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Make Your Own Magic Rocks in a Chemical Garden

Make Your Own Magic Rocks in a Chemical Garden Magic Rocks, sometimes called Chemical Garden or Crystal Garden, are a product that includes a small packet of multicolored rocks and some magic solution. You scatter the rocks at the bottom of a glass container, add the magic solution, and the rocks grow into magical-looking chemical towers within a day. Its crystal-growing at its finest for people who prefer not to wait days/weeks for results. After the chemical garden has grown, the magic solution is (carefully) poured off and replaced with water. At this point, the garden can be maintained as a decoration almost indefinitely. Magic rocks tend to be recommended for ages 10 because the rocks and solution are not edible! However, younger children will also enjoy growing magic rocks, providing they have close adult supervision. How Magic Rocks Work The Magic Rocks are chunks of metal salts that have been stabilized by being dispersed in aluminum hydroxide or alum. The magic solution is a solution of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) in water. The metal salts react with the sodium silicate to form the characteristic colored precipitant (chemical towers about 4 high). Grow Your Own Chemical Garden Magic rocks are available on the Internet and are quite inexpensive, but you can make them yourself. These are the salts used to make magic rocks. Some of the colorants are readily available; most require access to a general chemistry lab. White: calcium chloride (found on the laundry aisle of some stores)White: lead (II) nitratePurple: manganese (II) chlorideBlue: copper (II) sulfate (common chemistry lab chemical, also used for aquaria and as an algicide for pools)Red: cobalt (II) chloridePink: manganese (II) chlorideOrange: iron (III) chlorideYellow: iron (III) chlorideGreen: nickel (II) nitrate Make the garden by placing a thin layer of sand on the bottom of a 600-ml beaker (or equivalent glass container). Add a mixture consisting of 100-ml sodium silicate solution with 400 ml distilled water. Add crystals or chunks of the metal salts. If you add too many rocks the solution will turn cloudy and immediate precipitation will occur. A slower precipitation rate will give you a nice chemical garden. Once the garden has grown, you can replace the sodium silicate solution with pure water.

The Twenty-First Century Car Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Twenty-First Century Car - Essay Example However, the problem with such views is not that they overstate the car’s imagery, nor even that they undervalue its function. It rests in the bogus criticisms that the critics make between utility and imagery, reason and want. If cars were adored, and at times flaunted in lavish ways, it was mainly due to the fact that they give actual benefits and enhanced the lives of their owners in greatly prized ways. The liberties that go together with the car were actual liberties. They can merely be grasped if we first make sense of the narrower and more controlled reality from which the car transported us. Some people, especially those living in their own practical worlds, at times laugh at the enjoyment of individuals with their cars. However, it does not give benefit to the goal of environmentalism or healthier urban areas to indicate that large numbers of people can surrender their cars and just use the services of public transportation, and suffer no great loss in individual happ iness and comfort. Physical mobility, the freedom guaranteed by the car to travel anytime, anywhere, may be in the end self-damaging and unhealthy. It may have to be reduced for the sake of our children and the world’s wellbeing. However, it is useless to attempt to inform those who will endure that drawback that it is actually no loss in any way. Hence, if we would like to make sense of people’s love and adoration for their cars we should initiate a sincere and unbiased analysis of how cars have improved and, at the same time, weakened our lives. We should defy the drive to put together a profit and loss account until we have enabled all the points of view that revolve around the car to express their familiarity, and voice out their frustrations and ambitions, their pains and delights. Similar to an interpersonal relationship, our relationship with the car opened out, steadily, from its initial moment of isolated wonder through informal contact, obsession and profound attachment to undervalued acquaintance. At times, unfortunately, the relationship weakened or disintegrated into clashing differences. By emphasizing the imagery of cars some people think that there was something illogical, or too much, in the attachment of people to their cars. This kind of love only seldom pays heed to rationality. Cars are useful items, but they do not interest reason. Since the crisis in oil supply, when cars were viewed as foes of the public, it became usual to see car owners as the fool of car makers and oil firms. By attractive promotional campaign and designs, they had convinced some people that without a car they are insignificant people. People who dislike automobile usually take on a disdainful, sarcastic attitude towards car lovers. They move effortlessly from appraisal of the stylistic exaggerations of some people and the mental overtones of car ads to wide generalizations about self-centeredness of the average car owner. They usually confound the imag ery employed to sell cars, or to heighten the attractiveness of a specific model, with the charm and function of the car itself. Humanity’s history is presented not just in words or speech, but also in objects. Our world is a materialistic one, and a great deal of our lives is filled with the quest for material things. However, every era revels or rejoices the things it creates, and furnishes them with more than physical value. Ancient people created cathedrals; the emergence of the state was actualized in